CITM-001 Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM) Question and Answers

An attribute is a property that describes various characteristics of an entity. For example, an entity type called Employee may have attributes such as name, age, salary, department, etc. An attribute can also be a primary key that uniquely identifies an entity instance, or a foreign key that references another entity type. An attribute can have a data type, a domain, and a constraint that define its format, range, and validity. An attribute is represented by an oval in an ER diagram, and by a column in a table. References: 3, EXIN EPI Certified Information Technology Manager - EXIN (page 23)

A logic bomb is a type of malicious code that is inserted into a software program and remains dormant until a specific condition or event occurs, such as a certain date, time, or user action. When the condition is met, the logic bomb activates and executes its harmful payload, which can range from deleting or corrupting data, to displaying unwanted messages, to crashing the system. Logic bombs are often used by disgruntled employees or hackers to sabotage an organization’s IT infrastructure or to extort money or information. Logic bombs are different from keyloggers, spam, and viruses, which are explained below:

• A keylogger is a software or hardware device that records every keystroke made by a user on a computer or mobile device, usually for the purpose of stealing passwords, personal information, or other sensitive data. Keyloggers can be installed by hackers through phishing, trojan viruses, or physical access to the device. Keyloggers do not wait for a specific condition to activate, but rather run continuously in the background and transmit the captured data to a remote server or storage device.
• Spam is any kind of unwanted, unsolicited, or irrelevant digital communication that is sent or posted to a large number of recipients or places, typically for the purposes of advertising, phishing, spreading malware, or disrupting normal operations. Spam can be delivered via email,text message, phone call, or social media. Spam does not contain hidden code that executes a harmful action, but rather relies on the user’s response or interaction to achieve its goal, such as clicking a link, opening an attachment, or providing personal information.
• A virus is a type of malware that infects a computer or mobile device by attaching itself to another program or file and replicating itself when the host program or file is executed. A virus can have various harmful effects, such as deleting or modifying data, consuming system resources, displaying unwanted messages, or opening backdoors for hackers. A virus can spread from one device to another through networks, removable media, or email attachments. A virus does not require a specific condition to activate, but rather runs whenever the infected program or file is executed.

References:

• Logic Bomb Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
• What is a Keylogger? How to Detect a Keylogger? - Fortinet
• Spam | What is Spam? | Definition & Types of Spam
• Virus | Definition, Structure, & Facts | Britannica

A field is a unit of data that can store one or more characters, such as a name, a date, or a number. Fields are used to organize and store data in databases, spreadsheets, and other applications. A byte is a unit of digital information that consists of eight bits, which are binary digits that can have two values: 0 or 1. An octet is another term for a byte, especially in the context of network protocols and data transmission. A decimal is a number system that uses ten symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Decimals can also have a decimal point to represent fractions, such as 3.14 or 0.25. References: Certified IT Manager (CITM) Course Outline, Grouping Symbols and Order of Operations, A group of characters is called as a

Step three (3) in undertaking of object-oriented analysis does not define the methods, but rather identifies the states of each object and the events that affect them. Methods are defined in step four (4), which is the object-oriented design phase. Methods are the operations or functions that an object can perform to achieve its objectives or respond to events. References: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design | OOAD - GeeksforGeeks, Steps to Analyze and Design Object Oriented System - GeeksforGeeks, OOAD - Object Oriented Analysis - Online Tutorials Library

Important decisions may require more care in analyzing data because they have higher stakes, greater uncertainty, and more complexity. Data analysis can help managers to identify patterns, trends, correlations, and causal relationships that can inform their decision making. Data analysis can also help managers to evaluate alternatives, test hypotheses, and predict outcomes. However, data analysis is not a substitute for judgment, intuition, and creativity. Managers should also consider the quality, reliability, and validity of the data, as well as the ethical and social implications of their decisions. References: CITM Course Outline, Sample Exam - GAQM, TEST 1 2020, questions and answers - CITM 102 TEST BANKS … - Studocu

Middle managers can establish review committees to foster greater control over the performance and quality of their subordinates and processes. Review committees are groups of managers or experts who evaluate the work of others and provide feedback, guidance, or approval. Review committees can help middle managers ensure that their teams are aligned with the organizational goals, standards, and policies, and that they are delivering high-quality outputs and outcomes. Review committees can also help middle managers identify and resolve issues, risks, or conflicts that may arise in their areas of responsibility. Review committees can enhance the accountability, transparency, and learning of middle managers and their subordinates. References: EPI-USA, CITM Course Outline, Module 4: Managing Performance and Quality, Slide 14. [GAQM], CITM Exam Objectives, Domain 4: Performance and Quality Management, Objective 4.2: Implement performance and quality management processes and tools.

Global information systems are information systems that span multiple countries, cultures, and organizations. They enable the sharing of data, knowledge, and resources across borders and regions. However, limited access to high speed internet may impede the development of global information systems, as it affects the quality, speed, reliability, and security of communication and collaboration. According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in 2020, only 51.4% of the world’s population had access to the internet, and only 19.1% had fixed broadband subscriptions1. This means that many people and regions are still digitally excluded or underserved, especially in developing countries and rural areas. This digital divide may create challenges and barriers for the design, implementation, and management of global information systems, such as:

• Lack of infrastructure and resources: Developing and maintaining global information systems requires adequate and stable infrastructure and resources, such as servers, routers, cables, satellites, power supply, bandwidth, etc. However, many regions lack the necessary infrastructure and resources to support high speed internet access, or face high costs and risks of disruption or damage2. This may limit the availability, performance, and scalability of global information systems, and increase the complexity and cost of their development and maintenance.
• Lack of interoperability and standardization: Global information systems need to ensure interoperability and standardization among different systems, platforms, protocols, formats, and languages. However, limited access to high speed internet may hinder the adoption and integration of common standards and technologies, such as cloud computing, web services, APIs, etc. This may result in compatibility issues, data inconsistency, and inefficiency of global information systems, and require more effort and coordination to achieve interoperability and standardization3.
• Lack of user participation and satisfaction: Global information systems need to consider the needs, preferences, and expectations of diverse and distributed users and stakeholders. However, limited access to high speed internet may affect the userparticipation and satisfaction of global information systems, as it may reduce the usability, accessibility, and functionality of the systems, and cause delays, errors, or failures of communication and collaboration. This may lead to user frustration, dissatisfaction, and resistance, and lower the adoption and acceptance of global information systems.

References: Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2020, Challenges and Opportunities of Global Information Systems Development: A Comparative Analysis, Global Information Systems: Challenges and Opportunities, [The Impact of Internet Speed on Online User Behaviour and Satisfaction]

A byte is the smallest unit of data storage that consists of eight bits. A bit is a binary digit that can have two values: 0 or 1. A byte can store one character, such as a letter, a number, or a symbol. An octet is another name for a byte, but it is not commonly used. A character is a symbol that represents a letter, a digit, or a punctuation mark, but it is not a unit of data storage. A field is a group of bytes that stores a specific type of data, such as a name, a date, or a number, but it is not the smallest unit of data storage. References: Data Storage Units of Measurement Table, What are the units of measurements for data storage?, Data Storage Units

 Object-oriented analysis (OOA) is the first technical activity performed as part of object-oriented software engineering. OOA involves modeling the problem domain using objects and their interactions. According to the CITM study guide, there are five steps involved to undertake an object-oriented analysis1:

• Find and define the objects
• Organize the objects
• Describe how the objects interact with one another
• Define the external behavior of the objects
• Define the internal behavior of the objects References: 1: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, Page 63-64.

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of data flow in any system. It uses defined symbols like rectangles, circles and arrows, plus short text labels, to show data inputs, outputs, storage points and the routes between each destination1. Data flow: data flows indicate the data movement between external entities, processes, and the data store. They’re represented as arrows in the DFD with a short text label2. Therefore, the symbol that represents flow of data in DFD is arrow. References: 1: What is a Data Flow Diagram | Lucidchart 2: What Are Data Flow Diagrams? | Baeldung on Computer Science

A client-server environment is a type of distributed system that divides the application logic into three layers: presentation, application, and data. The presentation layer is responsible for the user interface and interaction, the application layer contains the business logic and functionality, and the data layer manages the storage and retrieval of data. Each layer can run on a different machine or server, allowing for scalability, modularity, and security1234 References:

• 1: Client Server Architecture: Types, Examples, & Benefits
• 2: Client-Server Model - GeeksforGeeks
• 3: What is Three-Tier Architecture | IBM
• 4: Figure 1. The Client/Server Computing Environment - IBM

Organizations are linked extensively to increase their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving their goals. By reducing cycle times, organizations can deliver their products or services faster and more responsively to their customers. By improving accuracy, organizations can reduce errors, waste, and rework, and enhance their quality and reliability. These outcomes can also increase the capability of the organization to meet the changing needs and expectations of the market and the stakeholders. References: Sample Exam - GAQM, page 1, question 1; The Future of Flexibility at Work, paragraph 4.

evelopment, testing, installation, and maintenance12 The installation stage is the sixth and final stage of the SDLC, where the system is deployed to the target environment and made available to the end users. This stage involves activities such as hardware and software installation, configuration, data migration, user training, and documentation. The installation stage ensures that the system is functional, secure, and meets the user expectations34 References: 1: Systems development life cycle - Wikipedia 2: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) - GeeksforGeeks 3: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) 4: System Development Life Cycle - GeeksforGeeks

According to the CITM course outline1, there are five data collection techniques that are commonly used in business analytics. They are:

• Observations: This technique involves watching and recording the behavior, actions, or events of interest. Observations can be either direct or indirect, structured or unstructured, participant or non-participant.
• Interviews: This technique involves asking questions to individuals or groups of people who have relevant knowledge or experience on the topic. Interviews can be either structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility and standardization of the questions.
• Surveys: This technique involves administering a set of questions to a sample of respondents who represent the population of interest. Surveys can be either quantitative or qualitative, depending on the type and scale of the questions.
• Focus groups: This technique involves gathering a small group of people who share some common characteristics or opinions on the topic and facilitating a discussion among them. Focus groups can be used to explore attitudes, perceptions, feelings, or preferences of the participants.
• Documents: This technique involves reviewing and analyzing existing documents or records that are relevant to the topic. Documents can be either primary or secondary, depending on the source and authenticity of the information.

References:

• 1: 7 Data Collection Methods and Techniques | SafetyCulture
• 2: CITM 500 Data and Information Management | The Chang School of Continuing Education - Toronto Metropolitan University
• 3: Data Collection Methods | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples - Scribbr
• 4: Data Collection - Methods Types and Examples - Research Method

Managerial control is the process of ensuring that the organization’s activities and outputs are aligned with its goals and plans. Coordination is the process of integrating the efforts of different units and individuals within the organization to achieve a common purpose. Both control and coordination are essential functions of management that aim to improve the performance and efficiency of the organization. They are closely related because they both involve setting standards, measuring performance, and taking corrective actions. They also both require communication, feedback, and cooperation among the managers and employees12345 References:

• 1: The Control Function of Management - MIT Sloan Management Review
• 2: Managerial Control | Definition, Types & Features - Study.com
• 3: Relationship between planning and controlling - Management Study Guide
• 4: Question Bank - Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - DACC
• 5: 4 Different Relationship between Planning and Control Expalined - Toppr

Systems analysis is the second step in the Systems Design Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. Systems analysis involves gathering and analyzing the requirements of the system, such as the user needs, the business objectives, and the functional specifications. Systems analysis also involves modeling the system using various techniques, such as data flow diagrams, entity-relationship diagrams, and use case diagrams. Systems analysis helps to define the scope and boundaries of the system, as well as the inputs, outputs, processes, and data structures. Systems analysis is essential for ensuring that the system design meets the expectations and needs of the stakeholders. References: 1, 2, 3, 4

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-design-life-cycle-phases-models-and-use-cases/

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/system-development-life-cycle/

Temporary work groups are formed for a specific purpose and usually dissolve after the task is completed. They may include employees of customers, suppliers or partner corporations who collaborate with the organization to achieve a common goal. For example, a temporary work group may be created to develop a new product, launch a marketing campaign, or implement a new system. Temporary work groups can benefit from the diverse perspectives, skills, and resources of their members, as well as foster innovation and learning. References: CITM Course Outline, Flexible Work Arrangements: Types and Benefits

 Classes are a representation of some real-world thing and a number of specific instances of that thing. Classes define the common characteristics and behaviors of a group of objects, such as properties, methods, and events. Objects are individual instances of classes that can have different values for the properties and variables defined by the class. Procedures are blocks of code that perform a specific task or function. Links are connections between objects that allow communication and interaction. References: Objects and Classes – Programming Fundamentals, Objects and classes - Visual Basic, Object-Oriented Programming: Objects, Classes & Methods

System analysis is the process of understanding and specifying the requirements of a system. The third step in system analysis is analysis and design, which involves creating models and diagrams to represent the system’s structure, behavior, and interactions. Analysis and design also includes identifying and evaluating alternative solutions, and selecting the best one based on criteria such as cost, feasibility, and user satisfaction. References: Certified Information Technology Manager (CITM) - gaqm.org, Module 3 – System Analysis and Design; CITM 305 - Systems Analysis and Design - Toronto Metropolitan University, Course Description and Sample Course Outline.

An ER diagram (Entity-Relationship diagram) is a type of diagram that consists of object types and relationships. An object type is a category of objects that share common attributes and behaviors, such as a class, an entity, or a component. A relationship is a connection or association between two or more object types, such as an inheritance, an aggregation, or a dependency. An ER diagram is used to model the structure and semantics of a system, such as a database, a software system, or a business domain. An ER diagram can show the cardinality, optionality, and constraints of the relationships, as well as the attributes and operations of the object types. References: What is an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)?, Object Diagrams | Unified Modeling Language (UML), The Easy Guide to UML Class Diagrams | Class Diagram Tutorial, Class diagrams vs Object diagrams in UML

 Sequential interdependence occurs when the output of one unit or group becomes the input for another. This type of interdependence requires coordination and communication among the units or groups involved, as any delay or error in one unit can affect the performance of the next unit. An example of sequential interdependence is an assembly line, where each stage of production depends on the previous one12 References:

• 1: 9.4 Intergroup Behavior and Performance - OpenStax
• 2: Three Types of Interdependence in an Organizational Structure | Small Business - Chron.com