BL0-220 Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks Question and Answers

To reduce time and complexity for development and deployment. Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: The main advantage of development concepts such as DevOps and CI/CD used in cloud native applications is to reduce time and complexity for development and deployment. DevOps is a set of practices that aims to improve collaboration and communication between development and operations teams, and to automate and streamline the software delivery process. CI/CD is a subset of DevOps that focuses on continuous integration, continuous delivery, and continuous testing of software changes. By using these concepts, cloud native applications canachieve faster and more frequent releases, higher quality and reliability, lower costs and risks, and better customer satisfaction.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 3
• Catching the 5G train with CI/CD Services, paragraph 1
• Nokia unveils new 5G core deployment services to give operators better capabilities, paragraph 1

A Network Service Descriptor (NSD) is a template that defines the characteristics and requirements of a network service, such as the number and type of virtual network functions (VNFs), the connectivity and topology between them, the scaling policies, and the service level agreements1. A NSD is defined in a catalog that is managed by the cloud orchestration layer, which is responsible for deploying, monitoring, and controlling the network services across the distributed cloud2. Therefore, cloud orchestration requires a NSD defined in a catalog, while the other options do not. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Topic: Network Service Descriptor Role 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Topic: Cloud Orchestration

A Network Service Descriptor (NSD) is an integral part of network function virtualization (NFV) architecture. It describes the composition of network services, including how different network functions are chained or combined to provide a specific service. Cloud orchestration involves the automated management of various cloud computing services and resources, including networking services. It requires a comprehensive description of these services (i.e., NSD) to automate their deployment, scaling, and management effectively. NSD in a catalog would be used to define the parameters and configurations needed for the orchestrated service to be deployed in a cloud environment, making cloud orchestration the most likely context for requiring an NSD.

 A fault detection event will trigger the auto-healing operation. Auto-healing is a feature of cloud networks that enables the automatic recovery of resources or services from failures or errors1. Fault detection is the process of identifying and locating faults in the network using various methods such as monitoring, logging, or testing2. When a fault is detected, the auto-healing operation will initiate the appropriate actions to restore the normal functioning of the network, such as restarting, repairing, or replacing the faulty components1. Threshold, warning message, and new status are not events that trigger the auto-healing operation. Threshold is a predefined value or limit that indicates the acceptable performance or behavior of a resource or service3. Warning message is a notification or alert that informs the user or operator about a potential problem or risk in the network4. New status is a change or update in the state or condition of a resource or service, such as active, inactive, or degraded.

References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 9 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 10 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 11 4: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 12 : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 13

Kubernetes is an orchestrator, which is a software system that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications1. Kubernetes allows users to define the desired state and configuration of their applications, and then ensures that the actual state matches the desired state2. Kubernetes also provides features such as service discovery, loadbalancing, storage management, and self-healing3. Therefore, option B best describes Kubernetes, while options A, C, and D are incorrect. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Topic: Microservices and Containerization 2: What is Kubernetes? | Kubernetes, Overview 3: Kubernetes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics, Overview

A data center manager is responsible for overseeing the operation, maintenance, and security of a data center, as well as planning and implementing changes and improvements1. To perform these tasks, a data center manager needs to have appropriate tools that can monitor, control, and automate the data center resources, such as servers, storage, network, power, cooling, etc.2. A data center manager also needs to enable people, such as data center staff, engineers, technicians, and customers, to access, use, and manage the data center services and applications3. Moreover, a data center manager needs to follow an effective process methodology that can ensure the quality, efficiency, and reliability of the data center operations, such as ITIL, DevOps, Agile, etc… References: 1: Data Center Manager: Roles, Responsibilities, and Skills, Introduction 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.1: Industry Trends in Data Center Hardware 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.2: Data Center Operations : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.3: Data Center Management Methodologies

Different paths for a NF providing Cloud Resilience are defined in a Network Service Descriptor. A Network Service Descriptor (NSD) is a document that describes the topology, configuration, and requirements of a network service. It specifies the network functions (NFs) that compose the service, the virtual links that connect them, and the forwarding graphs that define the traffic flows between them1. A NSD also defines the resilience policies for each NF, such as the number of instances, the scaling triggers, the fault management actions, and the alternative paths in case of failures2. A Network Function template, an NS Orchestrator configuration, and an NFV Orchestrator configuration are not the correct options to complete the sentence. A Network Function template is a document that describes the characteristics and requirements of a single network function, such as the virtualization environment, the resources, the interfaces, and the dependencies1. An NS Orchestrator configuration is a set of parameters that control the behavior and operation of the NS Orchestrator, which is a component that manages the lifecycle of network services3. An NFV Orchestrator configuration is a set of parameters that control the behavior and operation of the NFV Orchestrator, which is a component that coordinates the allocation and release of resources for network services3. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.2: Network Function 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.3: Network Service Descriptor Role 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.1: Industry Trends in Data Center Hardware

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides users with access to a vendor's cloud-based software. Users do not install applications on their local devices. Instead, the applications reside on a remote cloud network accessed through the web or an API. Within this context, Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) is considered a form of SaaS, where the service provider manages the database's installation, maintenance, backup, and scaling needs on behalf of the customer. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without dealing with the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app. PaaS can include various software components, including database management systems, and thus can be considered a subset of SaaS.

Closed loop automation Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: AI/ML based operation requires pre-defined policies, open APIs, and closed loop automation to enable intelligent and adaptive cloud management and orchestration. Pre-defined policies provide the rules and objectives for the cloud resources and services, such as performance, security, and cost. Open APIs allow the communication and integration of different cloud components and platforms, such as Nokia’s 5G Edge Slicing solution and Microsoft Azure edge and cloud. Closed loop automation enables the continuous monitoring, analysis, and optimization of the cloud ecosystem based on the feedback from the AI/ML algorithms.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 7
• Nokia, A1 and Microsoft deploy industry’s first 5G edge cloud network slicing solution for enterprises | Nokia, paragraph 4

 Your apps need cloud resources which are allocated and then provisioned. Allocation is the process of assigning cloud resources to a specific app or service, based on the requirements and availability1. Provisioning is the process of configuring and activating the allocated cloud resources, making them ready to use by the app or service2. Commissioning, instantiation, starting, and distribution are not the correct terms to complete the sentence. Commissioning is the process of testing and verifying the cloud resources before they are allocated3. Instantiation is the process of creating an instance of an app or service, which is a running copy of the app or service that uses the provisioned cloud resources4. Starting is the process of launching an instance of an app or service, which can be done manually or automatically. Distribution is the process of spreading the cloud resources across different locations or domains, to achieve scalability, redundancy, or performance. Termination is the process of deleting or releasing the cloud resources that are no longer needed by the app or service.

References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 8 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 9 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 10 4: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 11 : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 12 : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 13 : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, slide 14

Latency, Privacy and Capacity are the three key drivers required for video-based service in on-premise cloud. Latency refers to the delay between the source and the destination of a video stream, which affects the quality of experience for the end-users. Privacy refers to the protection of the video content and the user data from unauthorized access or leakage. Capacity refers to the ability of the network and the cloud to handle the high bandwidth and storage demands of video applications. On-premise cloud is a cloud deployment model where the cloud infrastructure is located within the enterprise premises, and is managed by the enterprise or a third-party service provider. On-premise cloud can offer lower latency, higher privacy and greater capacity for video-based service than public cloud, which is located outside the enterprise premises and is shared by multiple tenants. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.3: Cloud Deployment Models.

Single and consistent point of management. Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: Network Function Management provides different network slices for different companies and a single and consistent point of management. Network slicing is a technique that allows the creation of multiple logical networks on top of a shared physical infrastructure1. Each network slice can have its own characteristics, requirements, and services, tailored to the needs of different customers or applications1. Network Function Management is a component that handles the configuration, monitoring, and optimization of the network functions that compose each network slice2. It provides a single and consistent point of management for the network functions, regardless of their location, type, or vendor2. Multiple Orchestrators required for deployments is not a correct option. An Orchestrator is a component that coordinates the allocation and release of resources for network services and network slices3. There are different types of Orchestrators, such as NFV Orchestrator, NS Orchestrator, and Slice Orchestrator, but they are not part of the Network Function Management3. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.1: Network Slicing 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.2: Network Function Management 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.3: Orchestration

Cloud resource management provides management of the resources quota and the ability to scale resources up and down. Resource quota is the limit on the amount of resources that atenant can use in a cloud environment, such as CPU, memory, storage, network, etc. Resource quota helps to prevent overconsumption of resources by a single tenant and to ensure fair allocation of resources among multiple tenants. The ability to scale resources up and down means that the cloud can dynamically adjust the amount of resources allocated to a tenant based on the demand and availability. Scaling resources up and down helps to optimize the performance and efficiency of the cloud, as well as to reduce the cost and waste of resources. References: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Cloud Resource Planning

 Physical Network Functions (PNFs) are the traditional network functions that run on dedicated hardware appliances, such as routers, switches, firewalls, etc1. Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) are the network functions that run on virtual machines (VMs) on top of a common hardware platform, such as servers, storage, and network1. Cloud-Native Network Functions (CNFs) are thenetwork functions that run on containers orchestrated by Kubernetes on a cloud infrastructure1. The evolution of Network Functions reflects the trend of moving from hardware-centric to software-centric and cloud-based solutions, which offer more flexibility, scalability, and efficiency12. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, slide 18 2: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Blended Learning, Section 2: Distributed Cloud Networks, slide 11

 The 5G Core control plane is responsible for managing the network functions, services, and resources, such as authentication, authorization, session management, policy control, mobility management, etc.1. The 5G Core control plane can be deployed in a distributed cloud architecture, which consists of different cloud layers that have different characteristics and roles2. The Metro Edge Cloud is a cloud layer that is located near the access network, and provides low latency, high bandwidth, and local processing for the control plane functions3. The Core/Central Cloud is a cloud layer that is located in the core network, and provides high availability, scalability, and security for the control plane functions4. The distributed cloud architecture enables the 5G Core control plane to optimize the network performance, efficiency, and flexibility, and to support various use cases and applications. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.2: Cloud Architecture 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Distributed Cloud 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.2: Cloud Resource Planning for Distributed Cloud 4: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.3: Cloud Resource Planning for Central Cloud : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.1: Distributed Cloud Services Automation

 Low latency is the primary benefit of an Edge Cloud. Edge Cloud is a distributed cloud architecture that brings cloud resources closer to the end users and devices, reducing thedistance and delay for data transmission1. Low latency is crucial for many 5G use cases that require real-time responsiveness, such as autonomous driving, remote surgery, smart manufacturing, etc2. Low cost, large bandwidth, and high availability are not the primary benefits of an Edge Cloud, although they may be achieved depending on the deployment scenario and the service level agreement. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.2: Cloud Types 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.1: Industry 4.0 Use Cases