AICP American Institute of Certified Planners Exam Question and Answers

Community Development Block Grants (CDBG), established in 1974, provide flexible funding for housing, infrastructure, and economic development with minimal unintended negative impacts, as they are locally controlled and often target revitalization without displacement. Option B (CDBG) fits this description. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” notes, “CDBG programs have fewer unintended negative impacts on neighborhoods, as they support local priorities without large-scale disruption.” Option A (flood insurance) can encourage development in flood-prone areas, leading to risk. Option C (interstate highways) often divided neighborhoods and caused displacement. Option D (urban renewal) led to widespread demolition and displacement in the mid-20th century. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “CDBG programs are noted for minimal negative impacts, unlike urban renewal or highways,” supporting option B.

Motivating a team with limited resources requires supportive leadership that fosters collaboration and addresses challenges. Option C (keep an open-door policy, track progress, and support if needed) is the best strategy, as it encourages communication, monitors progress without micromanaging, and provides assistance, boosting morale and productivity. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Leadership,” states, “Effective team motivation involves maintaining open communication, tracking progress, and providing support to address resource constraints.” Option A (daily reports) is overly controlling and may demotivate staff. Option B (detailed memo) assigns tasks but doesn’t motivate. Option D (outside resources) is a tool, not a motivation strategy. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Leaders motivate teams by keeping open communication, tracking progress, and offering support,” supporting option C.

The Multiple Nuclei Theory, proposed by Harris and Ullman in 1945, posits that cities develop around multiple centers (or nuclei), each serving different functions (e.g., commercial, industrial). Option A (Multiple Nuclei) matches this description. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “Multiple Nuclei Theory describes urban form as organized around several discrete centers of activity.” Option B (Central Place Theory) focuses on the distribution of services, not urban form. Option C (Concentric Zones) describes a single-center model by Burgess. Option D (Sector Theory) emphasizes radial growth along transportation corridors. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Multiple Nuclei Theory explains urban form with multiple centers,” supporting option A.

The table shows median commuting distances and times for owners and renters across different regions. For median distance: owners have longer commutes (e.g., 8.2 miles in the U.S.) compared to renters (5.1 miles in the U.S.) in all regions. This supports option D, “Renters tend to live closer to their places of work than do owners,” as shorter distances indicate closer proximity to workplaces. Option A (wider choice for owners) is not directly supported by distance or time data—it’s an inference not grounded in the table. Option B (slower speeds in cities) requires calculating speed (distance/time), but the data shows mixed results (e.g., cities: 6.7 miles/21 min ≈ 19.1 mph for owners; suburbs: 10.7 miles/23 min ≈ 27.9 mph), and the statement doesn’t hold consistently. Option C (renters’ public transit dependence) cannot be assessed from distance/time data alone. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” emphasizes interpreting data tables, and theCPC Study Manual(2024) notes, “Shorter commute distances often indicate closer proximity to work,” supporting option D.

To find the median value of the building heights, we first list the 18 values in ascending order: 40, 40, 45, 45, 45, 45, 50, 50, 50, 50, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 55, 60, 60. The median is the middle value in an ordered list. With 18 values (an even number), the median is the average of the 9th and 10th values. The 9th value is 50, and the 10th value is 50. Thus, the median is (50 + 50) / 2 = 50.0 ft., matching option A. Option B (50.5 ft.) might result from incorrect averaging. Option C (55.0 ft.) is the mode, not the median. Option D (56.9 ft.) appears to be the mean (total sum 910 / 18 ≈ 56.9), not the median. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” includes basic statistical measures like the median, defined as “the middle value in an ordered dataset.” TheCPC Study Manual(2024) provides examples of median calculations, confirming this method.

Public sector planners primarily focus on developing and analyzing policies to guide community development, making policy research and analysis (option D) a core function. This involves studying data, trends, and regulations to inform plans and decisions. The APA’s AICP Certification Exam Content Outline (2022), under “Administration and Management,” lists “policy research and analysis as a primary function of public sector planners, ensuring evidence-based decision-making.” Option A (CIP budgets) is typically handled by finance or engineering departments, with planners providing input. Option B (park master plans) is a specific task, not a primary function. Option C (subdivision and zoning code administration) is a responsibility, but it’s more operational than strategic. The CPC Study Manual (2024) states, “Public sector planners focus on policy research and analysis to shape community development strategies,” supporting option D.

Neo-traditional design principles, often associated with New Urbanism, emphasize walkable, mixed-use communities with traditional architecture and interconnected streets. Seaside, FL (option B), developed in the 1980s, is a quintessential example, designed by Andrés Duany andElizabeth Plater-Zyberk to embody these principles with its pedestrian-friendly layout and mixed uses. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “Seaside, FL, is a leading example of neo-traditional design, showcasing walkability, mixed uses, and traditional architecture.” Reston, VA (A) and Columbia, MD (C) are planned communities but focus more on modernist principles. Aurora, IL (D) is a traditional city, not neo-traditional. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Seaside, FL, is the most representative of neo-traditional design principles,” supporting option B.

Statutory public hearings provide a formal platform for stakeholders to voice their ideas and concerns, ensuring their input is part of the decision-making record. Option D (give participants an opportunity to express ideas and concerns) is the primary reason they are effective for involvement. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Communication and Interaction,” states, “Public hearings are effective because they allow stakeholders to express ideas and concerns, ensuring their voices are heard.” Option A (informal setting) is incorrect, as hearings are formal. Option B (generate consensus) is not guaranteed, ashearings often highlight disagreements. Option C (early in the process) is incorrect, as hearings typically occur later, after proposals are developed. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Public hearings involve stakeholders by providing a formal opportunity to express ideas and concerns,” supporting option D.

A typical research report includes the purpose, methods, data, and findings, but not a policy statement, which is a recommendation or position, not a research component. Option C (policy statement) does not belong in a research report, as it’s more appropriate for a policy brief. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” states, “Research reports typically include the purpose, methodology, data, and analysis, but policy statements are separate outputs.” Options A (method), B (purpose), and D (data) are standard components of a research report. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Policy statements are not part of a research report, which focuses on purpose, methods, and data,” supporting option C.

TheAICP Code of Ethics(2022), Section A, Principle 3(d), encourages planners to “contributetime and effort to groups…to advance the planning profession.” Option A (join an APA Division, Chapter, or Committee) aligns with this by allowing the planner to contribute expertise to the profession without conflicts of interest. Option B (consult with a planning-related organization) is vague and may pose conflicts if the organization has interests in the planner’s jurisdiction. Option C (sit on the local Planning Commission) creates a conflict, as the planner works for the government and cannot serve on its decision-making body (Rule 5: “We shall not fail to disclose a conflict of interest”). Option D (work with a non-profit on a development) risks conflicts if the development is in the planner’s jurisdiction. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “Volunteering with APA bodies is an appropriate way for planners to contribute professionally without conflicts,” supporting option A.

In planning, goals are broad, aspirational statements of desired outcomes, while objectives are specific, measurable steps to achieve those goals. Option A (achieve accessibility and mobility for all citizens) is a broad, overarching goal that reflects a community-wide vision for transportation. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan and Policy Development,” defines goals as “broad statements of intent, such as ensuring accessibility and mobility for all,” and objectives as “specific, measurable targets.” Options B (level of service D), C (35% fare box recovery), and D (meet ADA requirements by 2001) are specific and measurable, making them objectives. For example, level of service D is a quantifiable standard, and fare box recovery is a financial target. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “Atransportation goal might be to enhance accessibility for all, while objectives include specific metrics like fare recovery or infrastructure standards,” supporting option A.

Fixed costs in the context of planning and project implementation are costs that remain constant regardless of the level of project output or activity. This includes expenses like rent, salaries of permanent staff, or equipment purchases that do not change with the scale of the project. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan Implementation,” defines fixed costs as “resources that do not vary with the level of output, such as initial capital investments or ongoing operational costs that are independent of project scale.” This aligns with option D. Option A (must be committed to implement a project) is too vague and does not specify the nature of fixed costs. Option B (diverted from one project to another) describes opportunity costs, not fixed costs. Option C (associated with impacts) refers more to external or variable costs, not fixed ones. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) further clarifies that “fixed costs, such as leasing a facility for a project, remain constant regardless of output,” supporting option D.

Enhancing accessibility for people of all ages and abilities in public transit requires addressing physical and functional barriers, which is best achieved through universal design principles. Universal design ensures that transit stations are accessible to everyone, including those with disabilities, seniors, and children, by incorporating features like ramps, tactile paving, and clear signage. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Areas of Practice,” lists “universal design in transit infrastructure as a key strategy for accessibility, ensuring usability for all.” The APA’sPolicy Guide on Accessibility(2016) states, “Universal design principles, such as barrier-free access and inclusive design, are essential for making transit stations accessible to people of all ages and abilities.” Option A (discounted fares) addresses affordability, not physical access. Option B (free parking) encourages driving rather than transit use. Option D (congestion pricing) supports transit funding but does not directly improve accessibility. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms that “universal design is the most effective way to enhance transit accessibility for diverse populations,” supporting option C.

InDolan v. City of Tigard(1994), the Supreme Court ruled that exactions (e.g., requiring land dedication for a bike path as a condition of development approval) must have a “rough proportionality” between the government’s demand and the development’s impact, building on the “nexus” test fromNollan v. California Coastal Commission(1987). Option A (rough proportionality) is correct. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under“Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “Dolan v. City of Tigardestablished the ‘rough proportionality’ test for exactions, ensuring they are proportional to the development’s impact.” Option B (cannot use public domain) is incorrect, as the case focused on exactions, not public domain. Option C (state-approved comprehensive plan) is unrelated. Option D (allowable use cannot be denied) misrepresents the ruling, which dealt with conditions, not outright denial. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Dolanintroduced the rough proportionality requirement for exactions,” supporting option A.

Assessing physical conditions like sidewalks and bikeways requires direct observation. Option B (use a smartphone to video log and take photos) is the most appropriate, as it allows the planner to document conditions accurately and visually within the specified area. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” states, “Assessing physical infrastructure conditions, such as sidewalks, is best done through direct observation methods like video logging and photography.” Option A (Google Maps) may provide outdated or incomplete data. Options C (phone calls) and D (surveys) rely on subjective resident feedback, not objective assessment. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Direct observation via video and photos is the most appropriate method for assessing sidewalk and bikeway conditions,” supporting option B.

Since the question lacks specific data or context about alternatives, we assume a general scenario where cost-benefit ratios are applied to reexamine data. Cost-benefit ratios (benefits divided by costs) typically reinforce the preferred alternative if it already has the best net benefit, as the ratio method often aligns with net benefit analysis. Option C (the preferred alternative would remain the same) is the most likely outcome in a typical scenario. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” states, “Reexamining data with cost-benefit ratios often confirms the preferred alternative if it already maximizes net benefits.” Options A (all justified), B (different alternative), and D (no preferred alternative) require specific data changes not provided. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) notes, “Cost-benefit ratios generally support the same preferred alternative as net benefit analysis,” supporting option C.

TIF uses the incremental tax revenue from a designated area to finance infrastructure for that specific development, often by issuing bonds that are repaid with the new revenue. Option B (provide or repay financing mechanisms, such as bonds) is the direct use of TIF funds. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan Implementation,” states, “TIF incremental revenues are primarily used to repay financing mechanisms, like bonds, for the infrastructure of the TIF project.” Option A (public services) is typically funded by general taxes, not TIF. Option C (maintenance) is not a standard TIF use, as it focuses on capital projects. Option D (future projects) is incorrect, as TIF funds are tied to the specific project. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “TIF revenues directly repay bonds or other financing for the project’s infrastructure,” supporting option B.

The City Beautiful movement emerged from the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair (Columbian Exposition), which showcased grand architecture and civic design, inspiring planners to apply these principles to cities. Option A (Chicago World’s Fair) is correct. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “The City Beautiful movement was a direct result of the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair, which promoted civic beauty and order.” Option B (Hoover Commission Report) relates to government efficiency in the 1940s. Option C (Nash’s plan for London) influenced Regency-era planning, not City Beautiful. Option D (Olmsted’s Central Park) predates the movement and focuses on naturalistic design. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “The City Beautiful movement originated from the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair,” supporting option A.

Crowdsourcing in planning involves gathering input from a large, diverse group, often via digital platforms like social media. Option C (use social media to enlist a wide variety of input on a planning project) accurately describes this tool’s primary use, enabling planners to collect ideas and feedback. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Communication and Interaction,” defines crowdsourcing as “a tool that uses social media or digital platforms to gather diverse input for planning projects.” Option A (demographic anomalies) and D (transit demand) are analytical tasks not typically crowdsourced. Option B (crowd gathering locations) misinterprets the term. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “Crowdsourcing helps planners gather wide-ranging input via social media for planning projects,” supporting option C.

The primary role of a zoning board in reviewing a rezoning application is to evaluate its consistency with the community’s planning goals, as outlined in the comprehensive plan. This ensures that zoning decisions align with long-term land use, economic, and environmental objectives. Option B (evaluating the application in relation to planning goals) reflects this responsibility. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan and Policy Development,” states, “Zoning decisions must be evaluated against the goals of the comprehensive plan to ensure consistency and promote public welfare.” Option A (establishing a record for litigation) is a procedural concern, not the primary focus. Option C (public determining directions) overstates the public’s role—zoning boards make decisions, though public input is considered. Option D (identifying benefits) is secondary to ensuring alignment with planning goals. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) notes, “Zoning boards must prioritize evaluating rezoning applications against the comprehensive plan’s goals,” supporting option B.

Frederick Law Olmsted, a pioneer in landscape architecture, designed parks like Central Park (1858) that served dual purposes: recreation for public enjoyment and engineering functions like stormwater management. Option C (urban parks for recreation and engineering) reflects this contribution. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “Olmsted demonstrated that parks could serve both recreational and engineering purposes, such as drainage, as seen in Central Park.” Option A (garden cities) relates to Ebenezer Howard. Option B (street landscaping) was not Olmsted’s focus. Option D (private complexes) is unrelated to his public park designs. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Olmsted’s parks combined recreation with engineering solutions like stormwater management,” supporting option C.

In an overcrowded school district with fixed tax rates, new development that increases student enrollment without generating additional revenue will strain resources. Option B (traditional neighborhood development) typically includes family-oriented housing, likely increasing school enrollment and exacerbating overcrowding. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Areas of Practice,” notes, “Traditional neighborhood developments often include family housing, increasing school enrollment and impacting districts with limited capacity.” Options A (assisted living) and C (active adult community) cater to seniors, unlikely to add students. Option D (shopping mall) generates commercial tax revenue without adding students. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “Family-oriented developments like traditional neighborhoods negatively impact overcrowded school districts by increasing enrollment without new revenue,” supporting option B.

New Urbanism promotes walkable, mixed-use communities with interconnected street grids. Option C (connected street grid linking residential and commercial uses in separate areas)contradicts New Urbanism’s core principle of integrating uses within walkable distances, not separating them. Options A (architectural mix), B (reduced environmental impacts), and D (smaller lots, more open space, transit-oriented) align with New Urbanism’s goals. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “New Urbanism emphasizes mixed-use development within a connected street grid, not separation of uses.” TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “New Urbanism integrates residential and commercial uses within walkable areas, making separation of uses inconsistent with its principles,” supporting option C as the incorrect characteristic.

TheAICP Code of Ethics(2022), Section B, Rule 5, states, “We shall not fail to disclose a conflict of interest or even the appearance of improper influence.” The planner’s role on the conservation society board, which opposes growth, creates a potential conflict with their public duty on the reservoir committee. Option C (inform the city planning director) is the first step to disclose the potential conflict, ensuring transparency. Option A (resign) or B (abstain from votes) may be subsequent actions but aren’t the first step. Option D (participate in the society’s decisions) exacerbates the conflict. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “Planners must first disclose potential conflicts, such as board memberships, to their supervisor to maintain transparency,” supporting option C.

Sustainable development integrates social, economic, and environmental goals to create resilientcommunities. All four outcomes align with this framework: I (expanding choice and opportunity) supports social sustainability; II (local economies meeting resident needs) reflects economic sustainability; III (harmony between nature and social climate) addresses environmental sustainability; and IV (responsiveness to disadvantaged populations) ensures equity, a core sustainability principle. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan and Policy Development,” defines sustainable development outcomes as including “expanded opportunities, economic vitality, environmental harmony, and equity for disadvantaged groups.” The APA’sPolicy Guide on Sustainability(2015) states, “Sustainable development strategies should enhance choice, support local economies, balance nature and society, and prioritize the disadvantaged,” encompassing all four outcomes. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Successful sustainable development includes all these outcomes to achieve holistic community benefits,” supporting option D.

Agriculture is the largest user of Colorado River water, accounting for about 70–80% of its withdrawals, primarily for irrigation in states like California and Arizona. Option B (agriculture) is correct. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Areas of Practice,” notes, “Agriculture is the dominant user of Colorado River water, far exceeding other sectors like housing or industry.” Option A (oil and gas) and C (industrial) use significantly less water. Option D (housing) accounts for a smaller share, mainly for municipal use. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Agriculture uses the majority of Colorado River water, supporting irrigation in the Southwest,” supporting option B.

Landscape Urbanism, a theory emerging in the late 20th century, prioritizes landscape as the primary organizing element of urban form, over buildings or infrastructure. Option C (organizing city form through the design of the city’s landscape) is correct. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” defines Landscape Urbanism as “a design approach that organizes urban form through landscape systems, rather than architectural structures.” Option A (site-specific requirements) is too narrow. Option B (tree planting) is a specific action, not a theory. Option D (garden cities) refers to Ebenezer Howard’s earlier concept. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Landscape Urbanism focuses on using landscape to structure city form, prioritizing natural systems,” supporting option C.

The initial step in evaluating a development application is to ensure it is complete, meaning all required documents, fees, and information are submitted as per municipal requirements. Option B (the application is complete) is the first procedural step to confirm the application can be processed. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan and Policy Development,” states, “The first step in evaluating a development application is to verify that theapplication is complete, ensuring all necessary materials are provided.” Option A (use allowed by right) is a substantive review step that follows completeness. Option C (neighborhood meeting) may be required later but isn’t the first step. Option D (filing deadline) is a preliminary check but secondary to completeness. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Ensuring an application’s completeness is the first step in the evaluation process,” supporting option B.

Population decline in central cities is often driven by socioeconomic factors. Options A (decline in household size), C (net loss of jobs), and D (out-migration of young people) are common causes—smaller households reduce population, job losses drive residents away, and young people leaving reduces the population base. Option B (lack of land zoned for medium-density housing) is the least likely, as zoning for medium-density housing affects housing type, not overall population decline directly; central cities often have dense zoning already. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” notes, “Central city population decline is typically due to job loss, out-migration, and household size changes, not zoning constraints like medium-density housing.” TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Lack of medium-density zoning is unlikely to cause population decline in central cities, where density is already high,” supporting option B.

Form-based codes (FBCs) focus on the physical form and design of buildings rather than their use, which is a key distinction from Euclidean zoning. Euclidean zoning, named after the 1926 caseVillage of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co., primarily regulates land use (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial) and includes standards like parking ratios, use regulations, and setback restrictions to separate uses and control density. In contrast, form-based codes emphasize the shape, scale, and design of buildings to create a cohesive urban environment. Building typologies—standards that define the types of buildings (e.g., mixed-use structures, townhouses) based on their form and placement—are a hallmark of FBCs and are not typically found in Euclidean codes, which focus on separating uses rather than prescribing building forms. According to the APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Areas of Practice,” FBCs are noted for their emphasis on “regulating the physical form of development rather than land use,” directly supporting the inclusion of building typologies as a distinguishing feature. Additionally, theForm-Based Codes Institute(referenced in APA study materials) defines FBCs as prioritizing “building types and their relationship to the street,” which aligns with option D.

Brownfield reuse assessments evaluate the feasibility of redeveloping contaminated sites, focusing on practical and economic factors. I (market receptiveness) assesses demand for the sitepost-remediation. III (surrounding uses) ensures compatibility with nearby development. IV (funding and partnerships) identifies resources for cleanup and redevelopment. II (architectural standards) is not a primary concern, as it pertains to design, not feasibility. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Areas of Practice,” states, “Brownfield assessments should evaluate market demand, compatibility with surrounding uses, and funding opportunities.” TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Key considerations for brownfield reuse include market receptiveness, surrounding uses, and funding/partnerships, but not architectural standards,” supporting option D (I, III, and IV).

Attracting the next generation of planners requires engaging strategies that connect with young people. Option B (place-based outreach and mentorships) is effective, as it involves direct engagement in communities and provides role models through mentorship, inspiring interest. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Leadership,” states, “Recruitment strategies like place-based outreach and mentorship programs are effective for attracting young planners by offering direct engagement and guidance.” Option A (political climate) is unlikely to appeal broadly. Option C (social media and radio) is useful but less personal than mentorship. Option D (defer engagement) misses early opportunities to inspire students. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Place-based outreach and mentorships are key to recruiting the next generation of planners,” supporting option B.

To achieve professional development goals like project management, presentation, and leadership skills, the planner should seek external opportunities to build these skills. Option D (attend networking events and serve on committees in leadership positions) provides exposure to new experiences, skill-building, and leadership roles. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Leadership,” states, “Planners can develop skills by engaging in professional activities like networking events and committee leadership roles, especially when workplace opportunities are limited.” Option A (apply for new positions) is drastic and not necessary for skill-building. Option B (wait for a promotion) is passive and unlikely to address the goals. Option C (create projects) may not be feasible without authority. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Networking and committee leadership roles are effective for developing project management, presentation, and leadership skills,” supporting option D.

A nonconforming use refers to a property use that was lawful when established but does not comply with a subsequently adopted zoning ordinance. Option A correctly defines this as “not complying with the zoning ordinance but lawfully established before the ordinance was adopted.” The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan and Policy Development,” states, “Nonconforming uses are those that were legal prior to the adoption of a zoning ordinance but do not conform to the new regulations.” Option B (allowed by the zoning appeals board) confuses nonconforming uses with variances. Option C (inconsistent with the neighborhood but permitted) is vague and not the legal definition. Option D (expanding after adoption) is incorrect, as nonconforming uses are typically restricted from expansion. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “A nonconforming use is one that was lawfully established before a zoning change and does not comply with the new ordinance,” supporting option A.

Overlay analysis involves superimposing multiple maps, aligned to a common coordinate system, to analyze relationships between geographic features (e.g., land use and flood zones). Option C (an overlay) correctly describes this technique, widely used in GIS and planning. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” defines an overlay as “the process of superimposing two or more maps to analyze spatial relationships between features.” Option A (theme) refers to a map layer, not the process. Option B (buffer) is a proximity analysis tool, not superimposition. Option D (merge) combines datasets but doesn’t involve spatial superimposition. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “Overlay analysis superimposes maps to show relationships between features in the same geographic space,” supporting option C.

Waterfront redevelopment in the Northeast United States often involves former industrial sites, many of which are contaminated (brownfields). Option A (include brownfield remediation strategies) is correct, as these plans typically require cleanup to make the land safe for new uses like housing or recreation. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Areas of Practice,” states, “Waterfront redevelopment in the Northeast frequently involves brownfield remediation due to historical industrial activity.” Option B (not addressing water’s edge ecology) is incorrect, as ecological restoration is a key component. Option C (new industrial employment) is unlikely, as modern waterfront plans often focus on mixed-use or recreational development. Option D (no federal involvement) is incorrect, as agencies like the EPA or Army Corps of Engineers are often involved due to environmental and waterway regulations. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) notes, “Northeast waterfront redevelopment typically requires brownfield remediation to address contamination from past industrial use,” supporting option A.

Inclusive planning begins with understanding the community to build trust, ensuring all members feel welcome. Option C (learn about and build trust with the community) is the first step, involving research into demographics, history, and needs to establish relationships. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Communication and Interaction,” states, “The first step in inclusive planning is to learn about the community and build trust to ensure meaningful participation.” The APA’sPlanning for Equity Policy Guide(2019) adds, “Building trust through community understanding is the foundation of inclusive planning.” Options A (survey) and B (social media) are engagement tools used later. Option D (meeting with influential groups) risks excluding less vocal members. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Inclusive planning starts with learning about and building trust with the community,” supporting option C.

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a voluntary, market-driven tool that allows landowners in “sending areas” (where preservation is desired, e.g., farmland) to sell development rights to developers in “receiving areas” (where higher density is allowed), promoting preservation while directing growth. Option B accurately describes this mechanism. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan and Policy Development,” defines TDR as “a voluntary program that transfers development rights from sending areas to receiving areas to encourage preservation and manage growth.” Option A incorrectly states that development is eliminated in sending areas—TDR preserves, not eliminates, development potential. Option C is too narrow, focusing only on limiting growth without mentioning the transfer mechanism. Option D (federal mandate with compensation) is incorrect, as TDR is typically local or state-driven and voluntary. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “TDR is a market-driven tool allowing higher density in receiving areas in exchange for preservation in sending areas,” supporting option B.

A capital improvement program (CIP) addresses long-term infrastructure projects, including design and construction costs for major facilities. Option C (architectural design fees for a new city hall) is a typical CIP cost, as it relates to a capital project. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Plan Implementation,” states, “A CIP includes costs like architectural design fees for major projects such as a new city hall.” Option A (police cars) and D (sewer repair) are operational or maintenance costs, not capital improvements. Option B (leasing a building) is an operating expense, not a capital investment. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “CIP costs include design fees for new infrastructure like city halls,” supporting optionC.

Factual statements highlighting the benefits of planning, both actual and perceived, are called proof points, used to demonstrate planning’s value to stakeholders. Option A (proof points) is correct. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” defines proof points as “factual statements that illustrate the actual and perceived benefits of planning.” Option B (impact analyses) assesses specific project impacts, not general benefits. Option C (performance indicators) measures outcomes, not benefits statements. Option D (evaluation criteria) sets standards for assessment, not statements. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Proof points are statements that showcase the benefits of planning to build support,” supporting option A.

The National Resources Planning Board (NRPB), active from 1933 to 1943, was a New Deal agency focused on national planning for resources and economic development. It was supported by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (A), who established it, and relied on federal funding (C) to operate. Rexford Tugwell (D), a key New Deal figure and planner, was also involved in its work, advocating for regional planning. However, Daniel Burnham (B), a prominent architect and planner known for the 1909 Plan of Chicago, had no involvement with the NRPB—he died in 1912, well before the NRPB’s creation. According to the APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” the NRPB is noted as a New Deal initiative supported by Roosevelt and federal resources, with Tugwell as a key figure in its operations. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms Burnham’s contributions were earlier, centered on the City Beautiful movement, not the NRPB.

When a city council disapproves a plan, the next steps should focus on understanding the reasons for disapproval and building support. Option I (mayor meeting with council members) facilitates dialogue to address concerns and gain support. Option III (committee of business and communityleaders) brings in stakeholders to review and potentially strengthen the plan, increasing its legitimacy. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Administration and Management,” recommends “engaging stakeholders and decision-makers to address plan disapproval, such as through meetings with council and forming review committees.” Option II (mayor implementing the plan) is inappropriate, as it bypasses the council’s authority. Option IV (returning to the planning department) may be a later step but doesn’t address immediate council concerns. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “After disapproval, planners should recommend engaging decision-makers and stakeholders, such as through council meetings and review committees,” supporting option C (I and III).

The Federal Fair Housing Act (FHA), enacted in 1968 and amended in 1988, prohibits discrimination in housing based on specific protected classes. The original 1968 Act covered race, color, religion, and national origin, while the 1988 amendment added sex, familial status (e.g., families with children), and disability. Option C accurately lists all seven protected classes: race, color, sex, religion, national origin, familial status, and disability. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, familial status, and disability.” Option A includes sexual orientation, which is not covered under the FHA (though it may be covered by other laws). Option B omits familial status and disability, and option D includes marital status (not protected) while omitting sex and familial status. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “The FHA, as amended in 1988, protects against discrimination on race, color, sex, religion, national origin, familial status, and disability,” supporting option C.

Scenario testing is a public participation technique that combines visioning (imagining future possibilities) with data analysis (evaluating outcomes based on data-driven models). It involves creating alternative future scenarios, analyzing their impacts using data (e.g., demographic trends, economic forecasts), and engaging the public in choosing a preferred vision. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Communication and Interaction,” describes scenario testing as “a method that integrates visioning with quantitative analysis to explore future outcomes.” Options A (surveys) and C (sticky notes) collect input but do not inherently involve data analysis. Option B (nominal group) focuses on consensus-building, not data integration. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) states, “Scenario testing connects community visioning with data analysis by modeling future scenarios and assessing their impacts,” supporting option D.

The landmark caseVillage of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.(1926) upheld the constitutionality of zoning as a valid exercise of police power to protect public welfare. Option D (Euclid v. Ambler) is correct. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Fundamental Planning Knowledge,” states, “Euclid v. Ambler(1926) established the constitutionality ofzoning ordinances.” Option A (Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 1915) dealt with nuisance laws, not zoning. Option B (Berman v. Parker, 1954) upheld eminent domain for urban renewal. Option C (Eubank v. Richmond, 1912) struck down a zoning ordinance for lacking due process. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Euclid v. Ambleris the seminal case upholding zoning’s constitutionality,” supporting option D.

Social media surveys are prone to selection bias, as the sample may not represent the broader population—social media users skew younger and may exclude non-users (e.g., elderly, low-income groups). Option A (selection bias) is the most important to address. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Research and Assessment Methods,” states, “Selection bias is the most critical concern in social media surveys, as the platform’s user base may not reflect the general population.” Option B (non-response bias) is a concern but less dominant than selection bias in this context. Option C (framing bias) relates to question wording, not the platform. Option D (decision-making bias) is unrelated to survey design. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “Social media surveys primarily face selection bias due to unrepresentative user demographics,” supporting option A.

TheAICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct(2022) outlines specific conditions under which membership must be revoked. Section E, Rule of Conduct 25 states, “A planner’s certification shall be revoked if the planner is convicted of a serious crime, as defined in the AICP Ethics Code.” A serious crime includes felonies or crimes involving moral turpitude (e.g., fraud, bribery), which directly impact professional integrity. Option A aligns with this rule. Option B (accused of violating an aspirational principle) does not mandate revocation—violations of aspirational principles are not enforceable, unlike rules of conduct, and accusations alone do not trigger revocation. Option C (not completing certification maintenance credits) may result in suspension, but revocation requires a formal process and is not automatic. Option D (revoked state license) does not automatically revoke AICP membership, as AICP certification is independent of state licensure. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) confirms, “AICP membership must be revoked upon conviction of a serious crime, as it undermines the profession’s integrity,” supporting option A.

Improving mobility in a city involves enhancing the ability of people to move efficiently and sustainably, often by prioritizing multi-modal transportation options over car-centric solutions. Option C (developing a comprehensive network of bike lanes and paths connected to transit hubs) promotes cycling and transit use, reducing reliance on single-occupancy vehicles and improving overall mobility, especially for non-drivers. The APA’sAICP Certification Exam Content Outline(2022), under “Areas of Practice,” emphasizes “multi-modal transportation strategies, such as integrated bike lanes and transit connectivity, to enhance urban mobility.” Option A (carpooling incentives) helps but is less impactful than a citywide network. Option B (traffic signalization) improves car flow but does not address broader mobility for all users. Option D (more parking) encourages driving, which can worsen congestion and reduce mobility. TheCPC Study Manual(2024) notes that “comprehensive bike and transit networks significantly improve mobility by offering sustainable alternatives to driving,” supporting option C.